Today we’ll take a look at a handy extension that allows us to redefine the meaning of literals in Haskell source code. Ordinarily, the string literal has a specific type:
.> :t "Hello, readers!"
"Hello, readers!" :: [Char]However, this is in constrast to some of the other literals that we can write in GHC source code. For example, if we write an integer literal
.> :t 42
42 :: Num a => athen we write a literal that is polymorphic over all Num instances. Likewise, a literal floating point number
.> :t 3.142
3.142 :: Fractional a => ais polymorphic over all Fractional instances.
This polymorphism is extremely powerful, and it allows us to write embedded domain specific languages in Haskell source code, without having to introduce new constructs for otherwise normal values. So why should string literals be any different?
The good news is - they don’t have to be! If we enable the overloaded strings, then string literals get a different type:
.> :set -XOverloadedStrings
.> :t "Oh, what's this?"
"Oh, what's this?" :: Data.String.IsString a => aBy enabling this extension, string literals are now a call to the fromString function, which belongs to the IsString type class.
You’ll find instances of this all over Haskell, making this one of the most common extensions for day to day programmers. There are obvious instances, like IsString Text, but there are also some interesting uses.
One interesting use is in the postgresql-simple library. In this library, we are able to interact with the PostgreSQL relational database by writing SQL queries. However, SQL queries are notorious for injection attacks when we concatenate strings. Interestingly, postgresql-simple provides a Query type that only has a IsString instance. This means that it’s very lightweight to write a literal query, but the moment we want to start concatenating strings for our query, we have to be very explicit. This is a very non-intrusive feature, but I feel it’s a nice touch that helps remind other developers about the risks they might be walking in to.
This post is part of 24 Days of GHC Extensions - for more posts like this, check out the calendar.
You can contact me via email at ollie@ocharles.org.uk or tweet to me @acid2. I share almost all of my work at GitHub. This post is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.